The scale of Tokyo's GDP and its numbers of employees and researchers, together with the concentration of the world's leading companies, is said to underpin Tokyo's competitiveness.
It has been pointed out that Tokyo's GDP as a city, as well as the scale of its workforce and research community, is directly linked to its sources of competitiveness.
The scale of its industrial concentration is exceptionally high, and it has been suggested that an environment where the world's leading companies are concentrated is helping to stimulate research and development.